-Procedure Text-

Procedure text is designed to describe how something is achieved through a sequence of action or steps.


It explains how people perform different processes in a sequence of steps.
This text uses simple present tense,often imperative sentences.
It also usually uses rhe temporal conjuction such as first,second,then,next,finally,etc.

The structure of this text consist of 3 parts:

~ goal (or title),
~ materials (not required for all procedural text),
~ steps.

However,there is procedural text that only consists of goal and followed by some steps.
The purpose of recount text is to tell how to make or operate something step by step.


Reading text

How to take your pulse = steps.

A timer or watch with a second hand = material.

1. Hold your left hand in front of you with your palm up = step.
2. Place the first there fingertips of your right hand on the inside of your left wrist in the groove below the base of the thumb.
You may need to move your hand around slightly before you can feel the pulse = steps.
3. Use the timer to count the number of times your
hearts beats in the minute = steps.



Example:

-To make a pop ice-

Serving direction:

~ Iced blended (freeze):

Mix in blender:
Pop ice,50 ml of water and ¾ cup of ice.

~ Iced drink (chill):

Disseive:

Pop ice into 100 ml of water and add ¾ cup of ice.
Shake and enjoy.

~ Hot drink:

Disseive:

Pop ice into 150 ml of hot water.
Stir and enjoy.


The end…bye-bye…

-Narrative Text-

Narrative text is used to entertain and to amuse the readers or listeners.

Narrative text has the structure as follows:

1. Orientation,which sets the scene and introduces the
Participants (it answers the questions who,when,what,and where),then.

2. Evaluation,or the information about the narrator’s
Point of view (it’s optional)

3. Complication,in which a crissis or a problem arises,
Which usually involves the man characters,and finally.

4. Resolution,a solution to the problem (for better or for
Worse).
Here,main characters find ways to solve the problem.

Or

.Title
.Orientation
.Complication
.Resolution
.Re-orientation
.Evalution


The purpose of narrative text is to entertain,create,stimulate emotions,motivate,gve and teach.

Example:

-Myth
-Legend
-Folktale
-Folklore,etc


The function of narrative text is:

*To entertain
*To amuse

Used PAST TENSE


Okey,,guys all about narrative text

-Recount text-

Recount text is a reading text to retell events for the purpose of informing or entertaining.

One kind of text that tells about the past experience:

A.The GN:

.Orientation

Set the scene.
It provides the back arouds inform ation needed to under stand the text such as what it happened.

.Events

The frequency on incidents.
At various stages,there may be some personal comment on the incide we call it re- orientation.

.Re- orientation (the condusion of the story)

It’s used to retell past events for the purpose of informing or entertaining.

B.It’s uses past tense


Example:


Dear Dona,

Orientation: On Saturday I went to mounth Bromo.
istayed as Maya’s house at cemara lawang,
Probolinggo.
It has a big garden with lots,of colourful
flowers and a fish pond.
Events : On Sunday Fryska and I saw gunung Bacok
and went on the sceni’c ride on horse balk.
It was scary,the we went to get a cluswok
at the mountain.
We took pictures of the beaful sceneries
there on Monday we went to the zoo at
worofrom.
In the afternoon I went home.
Re- Orientation : It was fun.


Love



Significant lexigogrant niatical features:

1. Focus
2. Uses of material processes
3. Cercumstances of time
4. Use of past tense
5. Focus on temporal sequence.



-All about Recount Text-

-Making Written Announcements-

Announcements is something said,written,or printed to make know that has happened or (more often) what will happen.

In writing an announcement,keep the following pants the title/type or event,date/time,and contact person.

We can find the announcement on television,radio,newspaper,billboard,magazine,etc.

Example:

Announcements:

COMMITTEE
School Trip To Golden Sands Beach

On 28th of august.
The school will haid a school trip to golden sands beach.
Departure time : 07:30 am
Programs: morning swimming,games,volley ball,launch in
The sea view restaurant
Afternoon walk along the beach to the logoon:
Watch the boat festival.
Fee: Rp.50.000,00
Contact person: Fryska,Indah
Chair person:


.Anne Saragih.


Ok,,guys,,finish……..

-Giving instruction-

Ok,,,,guys,,I have a question for all you?

? what is giving instruction ?

Answer………………

Giving instruction is an expression for give or ask somebody to do something we want somebody to do.

The kind of giving instruction:

1. Command

Example:

Wash your hand!
Eat your meal!
Sit down!
Sweep the floor!
Open your book!
Close your book!
Open the door,please!
Come here!
Move the chair!
Take a bath!


2. Prohibition

Example:

Don’t climb!
Don’t eat!
Don’t forget!
Don’t life!
Don’t swim!
Don’t open it!
Don’t read!
Don’t write!
Don’t call him!

1. Command

- verb (to) eq: watch our & come here
- please + v (to) eq: please clean you room
- v (to) + please to eq: wash this badroom please
- would you please to + v (to) eq: would you please to wait for me
- would you mind + v-ing (to) eq: I would you mind bring these boxes

2. Prohibition

- don’t + v (o) eq: don’t close it!
- don’t + v (to) + please eq: please don’t kick him….
- would you mind not + v-ing (to) eq: would you mind not
reading my diary
- would you please not to + verb (+o) eq: would you please not to.


Example dialoque:

Fryska: Adhi,come here,please
Adhi: ok..! what’s up?
Fryska: help me move the box,please
Adhi: sure!!


The end,,,cuy……..

-How to gain people attention orally-

Gaining attention is an attempt to get people’s attention because there is something to tell about.


Showing attention:

-look at you
-how beautiful
-that’s wonderful
-what’s the matter?
-is everthing all right?

Gaining attention:

-attention,please
-excuse me
-look here
-listen to me,please
-waiter?


Example dialogue:

The teacher: attention,please
Today we will see a movie in the self access
center.
What do you think?
The student: that’s cool!
That’s great!


Finish……..

-Expressing sympathy-

Expressing sympathy is someone expression which feel the pity to one who experience of accident.

He/she is only saying sympathy words,but not really follow to feel what felt by one who hit that accident.


Example:

-I’d like to express my condolences
-I’m sorry to hear that
-I’m awfully sorry about…
-oh,dear
-you must be very upset!


Example dialogue:

Fryska: hy,valent what are you doing here?
Valent: hy.fryska. listen. Will you come here,please
Fryska: what’s up?
Valent: well,I lost my money
Did you see it around here
Fryska: I’m sorry to hear that.
But,I didn’t see anything around here
How much is it?
Valent: twenty thousand rupiah
Fryska: well,let me help you find it
Valent: thanks,frys



“Guys,that’s all about expressing sympathy”

*Expressing happiness*

Expressing happiness is a kind of text that to expression a happiness feeling.

Example:

1. I’m happy because……
2. I’m so glad that you….
3. I’m happy today….
4. I’m very happy
5. I’m really delighted about
6. great
7. terrific
8. fantastic



Example:

Mom: fryska,why don’t you eat
I’ve cooked your favorit food
Chiken curry
Fryska: have you? Great! I have eaten it for a long time


The end………..

Remember guys… What is Making Appointment?

Hy Putra,,lagi ngapain?
Oh…ngk lagi ngapain2 qo…emank nya kenapa?
Ehmm…ntar malam da acara ngk?
Kaya nya sich ngk da,,emank nya kenapa sich…
Aku mw ngajak kamu nonton? Mau ngk,,soal nya ntar malam tch da film yang bagus……
Ehm gimana ya,,,,ya udah deh,ntar malam
Ok dch jam 07.00 yach,,bye

Nah itu dia yang namanya Making appointment….
Itu Cuma sebagian kecil aza,,,
Penasaran mw tw yang laen nya,,,
Ya udah baca aza pembahasan lebih lanjut tentang Appointment…..


Appointment is something with a greemet together form other person.

And’’

Making an appointment is making a plan to do something with someone or people for now and future.


Example formal:

I’d like to make an appointment with….(mr.Adit)
I want to make an appointment to see …..(mrs.Fryska),etc

Example in-formal:

Can I come and see you?
What about…(Saturday)?,etc


Accepting an appointment:

All right,see you there..
No problem,I’m free on….(Friday)
It’s a deal,etc

Canceling an appointment:

I’m sorry,I’m very busy
I’m terribly sorry,I have to putt of my appointment,etc

Changing an appointment:

What about….(Monday at 09.00 a.m)?
Is that ok! If we meet at 19.00 tomorrow evening?,etc


Example dialogue:

After school….!

Fryska: Yuli,I have a serious problem
I need to talk you
Could we meet today?
Yuli: what time..?
Fryska: after the session
Yuli : ok! I’ll be there




-All about making appointment-

What is ? How to invite people orraly^_^

Invitation is the way to invite someone to join something..

Example;is we want to invite someone,we could say like
this.
.I would like you to…
.Shall we….?
.How about…..?
.Would you like…..?

Example;if we want to except an invitation we could say

.Thank you,I’ll come….
.All right!
.Of….!
.Of course!I’ll come….
.Yes I’ll join to…..

Example;to refuse an invitation

.I would love to,but……
.It’s good,but…..
.Sorry,It’s good,but I can’t…..
.Actualy I want to join,but unfortunetly


-Offering an invitation:

*I’d like you to come to dinner
*I’d like to ask you to come swimming
*Would you like to go to the theater with me on Saturday
night
*How about going to the football match with me tomorrow
afternoon.


-Accepting an invitation:

*Thanks,I’d be glad to go
*Yes,thanks. I’d be happy to go
*Thanks so much for inviting me
*Let’s meet at the school canteen
*Yes,I’d love to
*Sure
*Great
*All right


-Declinning an invitation:

*I’m so sorry,I’ll be very busy tomorrow night
*I’m afraid that’s not to God for me,what about after
lunch?



Example dialogue:

Kevin: Would you like to go camping us next holiday?
Listra: I’d love to
Kevin: really
Listra: ok..! I’m waiting you in my house,tomorrow




-The end guys-

Greeting^_^

Greeting is suatu salam ataupun sambutan yang biasana digunakan untuk menyapa(baik secara formal atau non-formal)atau dalam bahasa inggrisnya something that you say/do to greet

Example:

Hello,hai
Good morning
Good afternoon
Good night
What’s up,,etc

Introducing people:

What’s your name?
My name is….
I am
Heven’t we meet before?
Yes,I think we have
No,I don’t think we have
Nice too see you


Formal greeting:

Good morning(until about lunch time,or before 12 a.m)
Good afternoon(12-6 p.m)
Good evening(until about 9 p.m)
Good morning,sir

Note:do not use “goo day”,except in Australia







Informal greeting

Example:

Hi,lizzy!
Morning,Ri!
Hello




Intial greeting

Example:

How are you?
How’s it going?
How are you doing?
How’s life


Responding to intial greetings

Example:

Very well,thanks and how are you?
I’m good/okay/alright
Very well thanks
No too bad,thanks
Fine,thanks
Excellent


Pre-closing

Example:

Ok,then….
I’ve go to go now
So I’ll see you next week
I must be going home



Closing/leave-taking

Example :

Good bye
Bye-bye
Bye now
See you
Take care



That’s all about greeting…^_^

Simple Present Tense

Simple present tense is the sentence that use to express an action is repeated or usual. The action can be a habit, a hobby, a daily event, a schedule event or something that often happens.

There two kinds of simple present tense :

1. NOMINAL SENTENCE
(simple present tense without verb)
Formula :
(+) S + Tobe + Adj/Noun/Adv
(-) S + Tobe + not + Adj/Noun/Adv
(?) Tobe + S + Adj/Noun/Adv ?

Example :

(+) They are tired
(-) They are not tired
(?) Are they tired ?

(+) I am sick
(-) I am not sick
(?) Am I sick ?

(+) She is a teacher
(-) She is not a teacher
(?) Is she a teacher ?


2. VERBAL
(simple present tense with verb)
Formula :
(+) S + V1 (s/es) + O/C
(-) S + do/does + not + V1 + O/C
(?) Do/does + S + V1 + O/C ?

There are three important note:
1. For the 3 rd person singular (she, he, it) we add “s” or “es” to the main verb (only for positive tense).
With most verb, the 3 rd person singular form is created simply by adding – S. However, with some verb, you need to add –ES change the ending a little.
Here are the rules :
Verb ending in ... How to make the 3 rd person singular Example
s Add -ES He passes
z Add -ES She apologizes
sh Add -ES She wishes
ch Add -ES He watches
Consonant + y Change Y to I, then add -ES It flies
2. For positive sentences, we do not normally use the auxiliary.
3. For the verb tobe, we do not use an auxiliary, even for question and negative sentences.


Example :

(+) Amir writes short story
(-) Amir does not write short story
(?) Does Amir write short story?


(+) Yunita, Riana, Sharon, and Dhea study together
(-) They do not study together
(?) Do they study together?


(+) Mola and I play tennis every afternoon
(-) We do not play tennis every afternoon
(?) Do we play tennis every afternoon ?

The some frequency that use in simple present tense :
- Always
- Usually
- Often
- Never
- Sometimes
- Seldom

Examples :
- I always remember you
- They are usually here
- We often eat in restaurant
- I never cry
- She sometimes forgets
- He seldom studies

Uses of present simple:
We uses the present simple for describes general truths, facts and scientific laws.
Example : the earth moves round the sun.

- We use the present simple for direction.
Example : the earth moves round the sun.

- We us the present simple for direction.
Example : you come out of the station.
Then you turn tight.

- We use the present simple for habits and routines.
Example : I watch TV every day.

- We use the present simple for things that are true and that normally happe
Example : Children like playing.

- We use the present simple for things which you like or dislike.
Example : He likes short stories


- We use present simple for permanent situation
Example : He lives in London.


- We use the present simple for procedures,
Example : He interview boys.


- We use the present simple for perceptions.
Example : The food smells good.

Narrative text

Purpose

To amuse or entertain the reader with actual or imaginary experience indifference ways. Narrative always deal with some problems which lead to the climax and then turn into a solution to the problem

Types Of Narrative

There are many types of narrative. They can be imaginary, factual or a combination of both. They may include fairy stories, my steries, science fiction, romances, horror, stories, adventure stories, fables, myths and legends, hisorical narrativees, ballads, slice of life, personal experience.

Text Organization

Orientation : (introduction) in which the characters, setting, and time of the story are established. Usually answers who? when? where?
Complication : A series of events in which the main character attempts to solve the problem.

Resolution :There needs to be a resolution of the complication. The complication may be resolved for better or worse/unhappily. Sometimes there are a number of complication that have to be resolved. These add and sustain interest and suspense for the reader.

Structure that we used in Narrative Text

• The use of noun pharases
(a beatiful princes, a huge temple)
• The use of connectives
(first, before that, then, finally)
• The use of adverbial phrases of time and place
(in the garden, two days ago)
• The use of simple past tense
(He walked away from the village)
• The use of action verbs
(walk, sleep, wakeup)
• The use of saying verbs
(say, tell, ask)
• The use of thinking verbs, feeling verbs, verbs of sense.
(She felt hungry, She tought She was clever)

Fairy tales, fables, myths, tales, belong to narrative

Languange Features

- Focus on spesific and individualized participants
- Use some of behavioural and verbal processes
- Use of material process
- Use relation process and mental process
- Use past tense
- Use of temporal conjunction and temporal circumstances


Social Function :
To amuse, entertain and to deal with actual or vicarious ecperience in different ways :
Narratives deal with problematic events lead to crisis or turning point of some kind, which in turn find a resolation.

Modals in Past From

1. Could + Verb1
 Formula : S + Could +V1 + O
Ex : You could go to school with me.
2. Might + Verb1
 Formula : S + might +V1 + O
Ex : He might be at the library.
3. Would + Verb1
 Formula : S +Would +V1 + O
Ex : When I was a child, I would visit my grandfather every Sunday.
4. Would + mind + V-ing
 Formula : Would + S + mind + V-ing + O + ?
Ex : Would you mind posting the letter?
5. Should + Verb1
 Formula : S + Should + V1 + O
Ex : You should take these pilis and have a rest
1) CAN (Dapat)
a. Can is used to express ability / possibility,
Ex : I can run fast
b. Can is used to express informally to request permission, especially if the speaker is talking to someone s/he knows fairly well.
Ex : Can I borrow your pen?
c. Can is used to express informal polite request.
Ex : Can you pass the salt?
d. Can is used to express impossibility (negative only).
Ex : That can not be true.

2) SHALL (Akan)
a. Shall is used to express polite question to make a suggestion. Shall is used with “I” or “We” as subject in a question, the speaker is usually making a suggestion and asking another person if s/he agress with this suggestion.
Ex : Shall I open the window? Is that okay with you?
b. Shall is used to express future with “I” or “We” as subject.
c. Ex : I shall arrive at nine.

3) WILL (Akan)

a. Will is used to express 100% certainty.
Ex : He will be here at 06:00.(future only)
b. Will is used to express Willingness.
Ex : The telephone is ringing. I’ll get it.
c. Will is used to express polite request.
Ex : Will you please pass the salt?
4) MAY (Mungkin)
a. May is used to express Polite request.
Ex : May I borrow your pen?
b. May is used to express formal permission.
Ex : You may leave the room.
c. May is used to express less than 50% certainty.
Ex : - Where is Jhon?
- He may be at the library.

 Modals in past room
1) COULD (Dapat) is past form of CAN to Express:
a. Past ability.
Ex : I could run fast when I was a child.
b. Polite request
Ex : - Could I borrow your pen?
- Could you help me?
c. Suggestion
Ex : I need help in math. You could talk to you teacher.
d. Less than 50% certainty.
Ex : Where is John? He Could be at home.
e. Impossibility (Negative only)
Ex : That could not be true!
2) Should (Akan)
Should is past form of shall. Should is used to express :
a. Advisability
Ex : I should study tonight.
b. 90% certainty.
Ex : She should do well on the test.(future only, not present)
3) Would (Akan)
Would is past form of will. To express:
a. Polite request
Ex : Would you please pass the salt?
b. Preference
Ex : I would rather go to the park than stay home.
c. Repeated action in the past.
Ex : When I was a child, I woud visit my grandparents every weekwnd.
 Would you mind?(formal).
Ex : Would you mind if I is followed by the simple past?

4) MIGHT (Mungkin)

Might is past form of may. To express:
a. Less than 50% certainty.
Ex : He might be at the library.
a. Polite request(rare)=formal
Ex : Might I borrow your pen?

Finite verb

A finite verb is a verb that is inflected for person and for tense according to the rules and caetgories of the languages in which it occurs.
Finite verb can form independent clauses, which can stand by their own as complete sentences.


The finite forms of a verb are the verb show tense, person or singular pural. Non-finite verb forms have no person or number.


Example :

- I go, he went, (these verb forms are finite).
- To go, going, gone, (these verb forms are non-finite).


In english, as in, most related languages, only verbs in certain moods are finite. These include :


The Indicative mood,

Expressing a state of affairs use verb example :
- The budozer demolished the restaurant.
- The leaves were yelow and stiff.


Non-Finite verbs :
A non-finite verb has no subject, tense or number.
The only non-finite verb forms are the infinitive (indicated by to). The gerund or the participle.
Example :
I lived in germany to improve my german.


The Imperative mood,

Giving a command dalam imperative mood, finite verb tidak memerlukan kehadoran subject karena tanpa memakai subject pun kalimat sudah jelas.


The subjunctive mood,

Expressing something that might not be the state of affairs, depending on some other part of the sentenses.

Surprise and Disbelief

Express surprise and disbelief
Is used express something that we can’t belief or impossible / is an expressing that is used to express feeling on something surprising or disbelief

To express surprise or disbelief
 What s surprise !/that’s surprise!
 (well), that’s very suprising
 Really ?
 Are you serious? You must be joking !
 You’re kidding !
 Fancy that !
 I find hard to believe


Example :
1. Vita : what a surprise !
Gita : what happens ?
Vita : Lina, our friend, is singing at “the Idol”
Gita : Ought, you’re kidding!

2. Gita : You’re right, Vit. It really surprised me
Vita : Yeah, she is a girl full of surprise.

Direct and Indirect Speech

Direct speech discussion which it’s voice is direct listened fran one who converse.

Indirect speech discussion which it’s voice is indirectly from one who converse but summited to others with utterance which is not similiar but same purpose and objective.

Example :


Direct Speech

Indirect Speech
1. Nina said,
“I am tired”.
2. Mrs.Mami said,
“I go to the office”.
1. Nina said that she was tired.

2. Mrs.Mami said that he went to the office


1. If the main verb of the sentence is in the past (e.g.said), the verb in the noun clause clause is usually also in a past form. Notice the verb form changes in the example below.
Direct speech Indirect speech
a. Vita said, “I study hard.”
b. Vito said, “I am plying foot ball.”
c. Nadia said, “I have written a letter for my niece.”
d. Rosa said, “I listened to the music.”
e. Ronald said, “I am going to type my assignment.”
f. Rio said, “I will buy a mobile phone.”
g. Putri said, “I can swim very well.”

h. Ajeng said, “I may go to the bookstore.” Vita aid hat she studied hard.
Vito said that he was playing footall.
Nadia said that she had written a letter for her niece.
Rosa said that she had listened to the music.
Ronald said that he was going to type his asssignment.
Rio said that he would buy a mobile phone.
Putri said that she could swim very well.
Ajeng said that she might go to the bookstore.

2. If the main verb of the sentence is in the present (e.g.says), no change is made in the verb tense or modal in the noun clause.

Direct speech Indirect speech
a. Aldo says, “I eat fried chicken.”
b. Rizal says, “I am reading a Harry Potter novel.”
c. Mrs.Harry says, “I cooked roasted beef.”
d. Mr.Indra says, “I will get the news on tsunami.” Aldo says that he eats fried chicken.
Rizal says that he is reading a Harry Potter novel.
Mrs.Harry says that she cooked roasted beef.
Mr.Indra says that he will get the news on tsunami.

3. When you change a direct speech into the indirect form, you also change the adverb of time.
Direct Indirect
Now
Today
Tomorrow

Next. . .
Last. . .
. . . ago
Yesterday
The day before yesterday
Here
this
these Then
That day
The next day, the day after, the following day
The. . . after ;the following. . .
The. . . before, the previous. . .
. . . before
The day before
Two days before
There
That
those


The are three kinds of indirect speech :
1) Comand/request
Example : -Mrs.Gunawan said to the children “be quiet.” (Direct)
-Mrs.Gunawan ordered the children to be quit. (Indirect)
2) Question
Example : -Rosa asked Rio, “could I borrow your english book?” (Direct)
-Rosa asked Rio if /whether she could borrows his english book. (Indirect)
3) Statement
Example : -Tina said, “I studied hard for the test last night”. (Direct)
-Tina said that she had studied hard for the test the night before. (Indirect)

Descriptive Text

1. PURPOSE
A descriptive text is a text the characteristic of something and describe a particular person, place, or thing.

2. GENERIC STRUCTURE
• Identification ; identifies phenomenon to be described
• Descritive ; describes parts, qualities, characteristic of the person or something that is described.

3. LANGUAGE FIGURES
• Topic is usually about the attributes of a thing
• The use of thing person pronoun forms are used
• The use of focus generic human and non human participants
• The use of reasoning expressed as verbs and nouns
• The use of material
• The use of relation and mental process

4. CHARACTERISTIC
• Use the simple present tense
• Using detailed noun pharases to provide information on the subject
• Uses relating verbs to provide information on the subject
• Use the thinking and feeling verbs to reveal personal views about the subject auther
• Use action verbs
• Use adverbials to provide additional information
• Use figurative language such as simile, metaphor


Example :

My home
My family and I live in a four-room. It is only ten minutes from my school.
The flat is not very big. It is cosy and quiet. It is a sanctuary where we can relax and find our own space. In our home, we enjoy temporary relief from the pressure of office and school.
The moment we step into the flat. We will be sruck by a pretty centrepiece made of seashells. It is placed on a antique table under a landscape painting.
There are pots of indoor plants placed near the door. The trophies collected by the childreb are displayed in a low cupboard.
The bedrooms are painted in pastel shades to set a relaxing mood. Curtains and cushion covers, bedspreads and cabinets are kept to these tones.
That is our house. Altough some people give our home a second glance, we are proud of it.

Advertisement

Advertisement is information for persuade and motivation a people so that it will attracted them to the service an things that arenffered.

The function of advertisement is for :
1. Promotion.
2. Comunication.
3. Information.

Some commercial advertising media include :
1) Billboarda. 5) Newspapers.
2) Radio. 6) Printed flyers.
3) Television. 7) etc.
4) Magazines.

Kind of advertisement :
a. Family advertisement.
b. Invitation advertisement.
c. Spon sored advertisement.
d. Advertisement that pralses goods which is advertised.
e. Redvesbed advertisement.
f. News advertisement.
g. Announcement advertisement.

In making an advertisement, keef the following points :
1) Languange of advertisement :
a. Using the correct or suitable word.
b. Using the interesting expression and suggestive.
c. Using positive conotations.
d. Text of advertisement snold directly to the goal.
2) Advertisement content :
a. Objective and hanest.
b. Brief and cleak.
c. Don’t to allude group and to other producer.
d. Attractive attention

Example :







VACANCY

RECEPTIONIST/
GENERAL ASSISTANT

Requirements:
• Min. D3 Academy of secretary graduate
• Fluent in English both oral and written
• Having a good personal apperance and a pleasant personality
• Computer literate
• Minimum one year experience


Please send your application letter,
CV, recent photograph &
Expected salary to:


Nusa dua hotel
Jl. Kelengkeng Raya 3 Jakarta

PASSIVE VOICE

A passive construction occurs when you make the object of an action into the subject of a sentence.

Form of passive
Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (3 rd column of irregular verbs)
Example: A letter was written

When rewriting active sentence in passive voice, note the following :
> the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
> the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
>the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)
>only active sentence containing object which can be changed into passive form
>the two forms should have the same tenses


Examples of Passive Tense

Subject Verb Object
Simple Present Active
Passive Rita
A letter writes
is written a letter.
by rita.
Simple Past Active
Passive Rita
A letter Wrote
was written a letter
by rita
Present Perpect Active
Passive Rita
A letter has written
has been written a letter
by rita


Passive Sentences with Two Object

Subject Verb Object 1 Object 2
Simple Present Active
Passive Rita
A letter writes
is written a letter
to me to me
by rita
Simple Past Active
Passive Rita
A letter Wrote
was written a letter
to me to me
by rita
Present Perfect Active
Passive Rita
A letter has written
has been written a letter
to me to me
by rita


Personal and Impersonal Passive

Personal Passive simply means that the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence. So every verb that needs an object (transitive verb) can form a personal passive.
Example : They build houses.-Houses are built.

Verb without an object (intransitive verb) normally cannot form a personal passive sentence (as there is no object that can become the subject of the passive sentence). If you want to use an intransitive verb in passive voice, you need an impersonal construction – therefore this passive is called Impersonal Passive.
Example : he says – it is said

Impersonal Passive is not as common in English as in some other languages (e.g. German, Latin). In English, Impersonal Passive is only possible with verbs of perception (e.g.say, think, know).
Example : They say that women live longer than men.-It is said that woman live longer than men.

Although Impersonal Passive is possible here, Personal Passive is more common.
Example : They say that womwn live longer then men.-Women are said to live longer thanmen.

The subject of the subordinate clause (women) goes to the beginning of the sentence; the verb of perception is put into passive voice.
The rest of the sentence is added using an infinitive construction with ‘to’ (certain auxiliary verbs and that are dropped).

Sometimes the term Personal Passive is used in English lessons if the indirect object of an active sentence is to become the subject of the passive sentence.

-Greeting-

hey guys ....kenapa kita hruz belajar greeting....
Whyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy???????????????????
Ya iyalah harus because greeting tgh sangat berhubungan banget ma keseharian kita
ok dch kalau mw tw greeting lbh lanjut.......look this..n read...
..................................

Greeting (also called accosting) is an act of communication in which human beings (as well as other members of the animal kingdom) intentionally make their presence known to each other, to show attention to, and to suggest a type of relationship or social status between individuals or groups of people coming in contact with each other. While greeting customs are highly culture- and situation-specific and may change within a culture depending on social status and relationship, they exist in all known human cultures. Greetings can be expressed both audibly and physically, and often involve a combination of the two. This topic excludes military and ceremonial salutes but includes rituals other than gestures.

Greetings are often, but not always, used just prior to a conversation.


Some epochs and cultures have had very elaborate greeting rituals, e.g., greeting of a king.

Secret societies have clandestine greeting rituals that allow members to recognize common membership.


Example:

Person A: “Hi, my name is Intan. It’s nice to meet you.”

Person B: “I’m Wendy. It’s a pleasure to meet you, Tan.”
Person A: “What do you do for a living Wen?”

Person B: “I work at the bank.”


Two friends meeting

Friends often say "Hi" to each other. Then they often ask a general question, such as "How are you?" or "How are things?" or "How's life?"

The reply to this question is normally positive.

"Fine thanks, and you?"

"Fine thanks, what about yourself?"

"Not bad." Or "Can't complain."


Greeting people you don't know

You can use "Hello" with people you don't know, but a more formal greeting is "Good morning / afternoon / evening."

The other person normally replies with the same greeting as you have used and then makes polite conversation, such as "How was your trip?" or "Did you find our office easily?"
Introducing yourself
How do you introduce yourself??
-Let me introduce myself, my name is Intan Ayu…
-Hello, I’m Intan Ayu…
-Hi, I’m Intan Ayu. You can call me Intan.
-Hello, my name is Intan Ayu….

At an informal party

"Hello, I'm Maria." Or "Hello, my name's Maria."

The reply could be:

"Hi, I'm Sarah." Or "Hello Maria, I'm Sarah." Or "Nice to meet you, I'm Sarah."


At work-related events

"I'd like to introduce myself. I'm Maria, from english@home."

Or, "Let me introduce myself. I'm Maria from english@home."

The reply could be:

"Nice to meet you. I'm Peter Mitchell, from Mitchell Creations."

"Pleased to meet you. I'm Peter Mitchell, from Mitchell Creations."

"How do you do? I'm Peter Mitchell from Mitchell Creations."
Introducing other people


Introducing a friend to a work colleague

"Sarah, have you met my colleague John?"

"Sarah, I'd like you to meet my colleague John."

Sarah says:

"Pleased to meet you, John." Or "Nice to meet you, John."

John could say:

"Nice to meet you too, Sarah." Or "Hello, Sarah."


Introducing clients

"Mr Mitchell, I'd like to introduce you to my manager, Henry Lewis."

Mr Mitchell could then say:

"How do you do?" and Henry Lewis also says "How do you do?"

Or Mr Mitchell could say:

"Pleased to meet you." Or "Good to meet you."


Speaking Tip

"How do you do?" is quite formal for British English speakers and the reply to this question is to repeat the phrase, "How do you do?" (as strange as that may sound!)


At a more informal party

When you introduce two of your friends to each other, you can simply say, "John, this is Sarah."
Cultural considerations

At work, one person may have higher status - your boss, or a client, for example. It's polite to address them as Mr / Ms until the situation becomes more informal.

If someone says, "Please call me (Intan)", you know you can use first names. If someone uses your first name, you can use their first name too.

People in European and English-speaking cultures often shake hands when they meet someone for the first time.


How do you end your conversation?????????

Well, I should be going now. See you.
I’m sorry, but I have to go now. It’s been nice talking with you. See you later..
Well, I must be off now. I’ll talk to you later!
Ups.., look at the time! Sorry, I can’t chat right now. I have to go.

The finally word of conversation…
See you later/ tomorrow/ next week, etc..
Have a good time.
Good bye..
Bye bye..
Be careful, take a care.
Good bye, make a call, will you?

FINISH...ok guys
moga2 berguna buat kalian s'mua...thanks

News item

News item is a report of recent occurences; information of something that has lately taken place, or of something before unknown ; recent information about specific and timely events.

Other information:
- Information about recent events or happening, especially as reported by newspaper,periodical,radio or television.

Special funcition:
- To inform read or listener or viewer about events of the day which are considered news worth or important.

Generic structure
1. News worthy event :
- Recount the event in summary form.
2. Background event
- Elaborate what happened, to whom i waht circumstances.
3. Source :
- Comments by participants in witness and authorities expert on the event.
4. Form :
- Using simple present & past tense
( but generally prefers simple present tense )

Characteristic:

- Short , brief information about story captured in head line.
- Use material process to retell the event.
- Using saying verb like say,tell,inform.
- Focus on circumstances.
- Use of projecting verbal process in sourcce stager.
- Using action verbs, like,escape,go,run.

Example ( a brief sentence cut of some news item ) :

1. His familiy has had no news of his wherebout for months.
2.The job requirements weren news to him.
3.The news of the famous actor's death was greatly exaggerated.


That's all about Mews item,,!!!

-Noun Phrase-

A noun phrase is either a single noun or pronoun or a group of words
containing a noun or a pronoun that function together as a noun
or pronoun, as the subject or object of a verb.
Ex :
-The people that I saw coming in the building at nine o’clock have just left
(The people that I saw coming in the building at nine o’clock is a lengthy
noun phrase, but it functions as the subject of the main verb
‘have just left’)

Structures of noun phrase :

1. Noun pre-modifiers is modifiers before the noun.
( Modify means to limit, restrict, characterize, or other wise focus
meaning ). All of pre-modifiers that are present and the noun
together form a noun phrase.

2. Noun post-odifiers is momdifiers that coming after a noun
Noun phrase = noun + modifiers
a noun phrase consists of a noun and all of its modifiers.
It can function in a sentence as a subject, object or compliment.

3. Noun phrase – pre-modifier + noun + post-modifier
The noun together with all pre- and post-modifiers constitutes
a single unit, a noun phrase that indicates the complete reference.

Ex :
1. Noun phrase > pre-modifiers + noun
a. White house ; here white is premodifier and house is a noun.
b. The three old Democratic legislators ; here the three old
Democratic is premodifier and legislator is a noun.

2. Noun phrase > noun + post-modifiers
a. The glass on the table ; here on the table is the post-modifier
b. The boy in the store ; her in the store is the post-modifier

3. Noun phrase > pre-modifier + noun +post-modifier
a. The boy on top of the house are………
here The is pre-modifier, boy is the noun, on top of the
house is the post-modifier.

Kind of noun phrase :

1. noun + noun
ex : office girl

2. verb +noun
ex : sing a song and read a book

3. gerund + noun
ex : dining room

4. pronoun + noun
ex : their fooT

5. adjective + noun
ex : black bird

6. determiner + noun
ex : a ruler and a mirror


that's all about noun phrase,,guys

Gratitude, Compliment, and Congratulation

1. Expressing Gratitude
Expressions of thanking
1. Thanks / Thank you.
2. Thanks a lot / Thank you so much.
3. Thank for your help / for the ride.
4. I’d like to thank you. -

Respons yg dapat di gunakan antara lain :
1. You’re welcome.
2. That’s all right.
3. No big deal / No problem.
4. That’s fine / My pleasure.
5. Not at all / Never mind.
Example :
Tiara : Nina, here is your book. Thank you.
Nina : you’re welcome. Are you sure you don’t need it anymore ?
Tiara: Absolutely.



2. Compliment

Complimenting

1. Wow, good job ! / Good grades!
2. Nice try ! / Nice work !
3. Keep up the good work !
4. What a nice dress ! / Outfit !

Response
1. Thank you.
2. Really ?
3. I will.
4. Thanks a lot.


Example :
Novi : Yesterday I bought this novel. It’s for you
Anita : Oh, how kind you are . Thanks.
Novi : It is nothing.


3. Congratulation


Congratulating

1. Congratulations !
2. Happy birthday !
3. Happy Lebaran day ! / Merry Christmas !
4. Happy new year ! / Happy valentine !

Response

1. Thank you
2. Thanks a lot .
3. Happy Lebaran day ! / merry Christmas too.
4. Happy New year/ Valentine too.

Example :
Sera : Nina ,Congratulations !
You won the English speech contest. Your English is so amazing.
Nina : Thank you.

Simple Present Tense

Untuk menyatakan suatu pekerjaan , peristiwa , atau kejadian yang telah terjadi hari ini , atau perbuatan yang terjadi saat ini , atau kejadian yang berulang kali atau merupakan suatu kebiasaan sehari- hari.
Rumus :1. S + To be ( am, is , are) + ….
2.S + V1 + (s / es ) + ….
Example :
1. She is very happy.
2. He is diligent student.
3. They are there.
4. You are student.
5. He goes school every morning.
6. She does her homework.
7. Barra cooks in the kitchen.
8. They study English every week.
9. You can come to my house.

a. Verbal Sentence
Patterns :
(+) S + V1 (s/ es) + O
(-) S + do/ does + Not + V1 + O
(?) Do / does + S + V1 + O

Example :

(+) She does her homework.
(-) She does not do her homework.
(?) Does she do her homework ?

b. Nominal Sentence / Non Verbal Sentence
Patterns :
(+) S +To be (am / is / are ) + ….
(-) S + To be (am / is / are) + Not + ….
(?) To be ( am / is / are ) + S + …. ?
Example :
(+) She is very happy.
(-) She is not very happy.
(?) Is she very happy ?

Simple Future Tense

The Simple Future is formed with will + the base form of the verb.

affirmative short form

I will > I'll >
You will > You'll >
He will > He'll >
She will > She'll > stay.
It will > It'll >
We will > We'll >
You will > You'll >
They will > They'll >

negative short forms

I will not > I'll not > I won't >
You will not > You'll not > You won't >
He will not > He'll not > He won't >
She will not > She'll not > She won't > stay.
It will not > It'll not > It won't >
We will not > We'll not > We won't >
You will not > You'll not > You won't >
They will not > They'll not > They won't >



Notes on the form of the Simple Future Tense



1. Shall and will

Will is used with all persons, but shall can be used as an alternative with I and we in pure future reference.

Shall is usually avoided with you and I:

*

You and I will work in the same office.

2. Contractions

Shall weakens to /S@l/ in speech, but does not contract to 'll in writing. Will contracts to 'll in writing and in fluent, rapid speech after vowels (I'll, we'll, you'll, etc.) but 'll can occur after consonants. So we might find 'll used: e.g.

- after names: Tom'll be here soon.

- after common nouns: The concert'll start in a minute.

- after question-words: When'll they arrive?

3. Negatives

Will not contracts to 'll not or won't; shall not contracts to shan't:

*

We won't or shan't go. (I/We will not or shall not go).

In American English shan't is rare and shall with a future reference is unusual.

4. Future Tense

When we use will/shall for simple prediction, they combine with verbs to form tenses in the ordinary way:

*

Simple Future: I will see
*

Future Progressive: I will be seeing
*

Future Perfect: I will have seen
*

Future Perfect Progressive: I will have been seeing



Uses of the 'will/shall' future



1. 'Will/shall' for prediction briefly compared with other uses

Will and shall can be used to predict events, for example, to say what we think will happen, or to invite prediction:

*

Tottenham will win on Saturday.
*

It will rain tomorrow. Will house prices rise again next year?
*

I don't know if I shall see you next week.



This is sometimes called 'the pure future', and it should be distinguished from many other uses of will and shall: e.g.

*

I'll buy you a bicycle for your birthday. [promise]
*

Will you hold the door open for me please? [request]
*

Shall I get your coat for you? [offer]
*

Shall we go for a swim tomorrow? [suggestion]
*

Just wait - you'll regret this! [threat]



Though all the above examples point to future time, they are not 'predicting'; they are 'coloured' by notions of willingness, etc. Will/shall have so many uses as modal verbs that some grammarians insist that English does not have a pure future tense.

2. 'Will' in formal style for scheduled events

Will is used in preference to be going to when a formal style is required, particularly in the written language:

*

The wedding will take place at St Andrew's on June 27th. The reception will be at the Anchor Hotel.

3. 'Will/shall' to express hopes, expectations, etc.

The future is often used after verbs and verb phrases like assume, be afraid, be sure, believe, doubt, expect, hope, suppose, think:

*

I hope she'll get the job she's applied for.



The Present with a future reference is possible after hope:

*

I hope she gets the job she's applied for.



Lack of certainty, etc. can be conveyed by using will with adverbs like perhaps, possibly, probably, surely:

*

Ask him again. Perhaps he'll change his mind.



Time adverbials with the 'will/shall' future tense



Some adverbials like tomorrow are used exclusively with future reference; others like at 4 o'clock, before Friday, etc. are used with other tenses as well as the Future:

*

I'll meet you at 4 o'clock.



Now and just can also have a future reference:

*

This shop will now be open on June 23rd. (a change of date)
*

I'm nearly ready. I'll just put my coat on.


I will sing

The simple future tense is often called will, because we make the simple future tense with the modal auxiliary will.
How do we make the Simple Future Tense?

The structure of the simple future tense is:
subject + auxiliary verb WILL + main verb
invariable base
will V1

For negative sentences in the simple future tense, we insert not between the auxiliary verb and main verb. For question sentences, we exchange the subject and auxiliary verb. Look at these example sentences with the simple future tense:
subject auxiliary verb main verb
+ I will open the door.
+ You will finish before me.
- She will not be at school tomorrow.
- We will not leave yet.
? Will you arrive on time?
? Will they want dinner?

When we use the simple future tense in speaking, we often contract the subject and auxiliary verb:
I will I'll
you will you'll
he will
she will
it will he'll
she'll
it'll
we will we'll
they will they'll

For negative sentences in the simple future tense, we contract with won't, like this:
I will not I won't
you will not you won't
he will not
she will not
it will not he won't
she won't
it won't
we will not we won't
they will not they won't
How do we use the Simple Future Tense?
No Plan

We use the simple future tense when there is no plan or decision to do something before we speak. We make the decision spontaneously at the time of speaking. Look at these examples:

* Hold on. I'll get a pen.
* We will see what we can do to help you.
* Maybe we'll stay in and watch television tonight.

In these examples, we had no firm plan before speaking. The decision is made at the time of speaking.

We often use the simple future tense with the verb to think before it:

* I think I'll go to the gym tomorrow.
* I think I will have a holiday next year.
* I don't think I'll buy that car.

Prediction

We often use the simple future tense to make a prediction about the future. Again, there is no firm plan. We are saying what we think will happen. Here are some examples:

* It will rain tomorrow.
* People won't go to Jupiter before the 22nd century.
* Who do you think will get the job?

Be

When the main verb is be, we can use the simple future tense even if we have a firm plan or decision before speaking. Examples:

* I'll be in London tomorrow.
* I'm going shopping. I won't be very long.
* Will you be at work tomorrow?


WSM Image
Note that when we have a plan or intention to do something in the future, we usually use other tenses or expressions, such as the present continuous tense or going to.